Word Order, Possession & Grammatical Relations

Relasi gramatikal dikodekan secara konfigurasional

Grammatical relations encoded purely configurationally

position-based

Indonesian relies on structural position, not morphology, for relations

Strategi topikalisasi dan pemindahan ke kiri

Topicalization and left-dislocation strategies

Fronting an element to the far left highlights it as the topic

Pasif di- sebagai perangkat mirip-kasus/struktur informasi

Passive di- as a case-like/information-structural device

Voice choice reorganizes which argument becomes prominent

milik-posesif vs posesif berjajar

milik-possessive vs juxtaposed possessive: register/explicitness

Explicit milik adds formality or clarity to a possession relation

Sufiks aplikatif -kan/-i menambah/mempromosikan partisipan

Applicative-like suffixes -kan/-i adding or promoting participants

These suffixes can bring a new argument into the clause

Sistem suara simetris: suara aktor vs suara pasien

Symmetrical voice system: actor voice vs undergoer voice reordering

Both voices are equally "basic" — not a marked/unmarked pair

Fleksibilitas urutan argumen dengan -kan

Double object verbs and argument order flexibility with -kan

-kan can shift which argument appears in which position

dengan, untuk, oleh

coverb-like prepositions marking semantic roles

Small function words assign roles that case would mark elsewhere

Elipsis argumen sesuai konteks wacana

Ellipsis of arguments recoverable from discourse context

Arguments are freely dropped once clear from context

Perbandingan sistem tanpa kasus Indonesia dengan Jerman/Yunani

Comparing Indonesian's caseless system to case-marking languages

A useful contrast if you've studied German or Greek